The Royal Exchange, Manchester, which had once been described as the centrepiece of the British industrial abilities, has returned into the spotlight of the increasing criticism of the colonial history of the United Kingdom. A wave of recent academic research has revealed that the city’s commercial rise, particularly through the Royal Exchange, was deeply intertwined with slavery-dependent economies across the Atlantic.
The Royal Exchange, started officially in the early nineteenth century, served as an international marketplace of raw cotton- a commodity that could not be ignored because of the forced labor systems of the American South and Caribbean plantations. This trade made Manchester, the city known as Cottonopolis. The need in cheap, mass-produced textiles created the situation where slave labour in the overseas locations was not marginal, but central to British economic development.
The industries in Manchester were built upon the action of prominent merchant-families, textile barons, and city-leaders whose investments in the colonial enterprises were indirectly or directly benefiting from slavery. Such connections were not swept under the carpet but then were part of the commercial bloodstream of the Royal Exchange and, by association, the city.
The Moral Duality of Manchester’s Public Life
Abolitionist Sentiment and Economic Self-Interest
The reality of Manchester as the place of reformist politics and lending a voice against slavery has always been in tune with the reality of Manchester having sustained itself materially as a result of the product of slavery. Tens of thousands of local citizens dedicated their names to abolition petitions in the early 19th century. Most of the same elites, however, who advocated progressive motives in the political arena were also interested in maintaining trade routes flooded with the goods of slave labor.
Such a paradox can be illustrated in such a person as Murray Gladstone who was one of the members of the Royal Exchange committee during the mid-late 1800s. Archival sources indicate the family wealth that Gladstone enjoyed included plantations in the Caribbean and returns on trading in East Indian ventures. The Exchange flourished, at least under his aegis, but on capital bases which could not be divorced from colonial exploitation.
Such congruencies put to question easy plot perfection that opposes the process of industrial progress and colonial injustice. Rather, they propose convergence; a point in which moral and economic orientations snarled with each other in uncomfortable ways in the most highly visible of the city institutions.
Labour Practices and Plantation-Era Supply Chains
The cotton that passed through Manchester’s mills had often been cultivated under the brutal conditions of “gang labor”—a plantation management system that intensified in the 19th century. This approach grouped enslaved workers into large units subjected to extended hours and rigid discipline, particularly on rice and cotton plantations in the American South.
As industrial Manchester expanded, its infrastructure and wealth were increasingly underwritten by such methods. The economic surplus generated by transatlantic slavery was converted into warehouses, railroads, civic buildings, and cultural landmarks. Yet the people who made that prosperity possible—the enslaved—were systematically erased from local narratives until the rise of recent historical scrutiny.
By restoring these connections, current research repositions enslaved laborers not as distant subjects but as pivotal to the shaping of Manchester’s built environment and economic foundations.
Historical Reckoning in 2025: Research and Interpretation
Academic interest in the hidden legacy of slavery has surged in 2025, driven by interdisciplinary efforts and cultural partnerships. At the Royal Exchange Theatre, new projects have sought to expose the institution’s colonial links, connecting its architectural grandeur to capital amassed through slavery-based trade.
Beth Carson, a researcher closely involved with the Theatre’s archival reinterpretation, argues that Manchester’s civic identity was long presented as an exemplar of modernity and equality, omitting its complicity in global systems of subjugation. “Industrial and social progress,” Carson explains,
“was often financed by human suffering abroad—acknowledging this duality is critical to understanding how cities like Manchester grew.”
This research has contributed to a broader reassessment of Manchester’s industrial mythology, calling for a more nuanced public understanding of how wealth, exploitation, and legacy intersect.
Community Memory and Cultural Dialogue
The change in narrative is also being supercharged by projects that are publicly facing. The first step was further activity in exhibitions announced by Manchester universities and past societies in 2023 and 2024 that linked archival documentation to community discussion.
These are not initiatives only occurring in Manchester. The Guardian Katharine Viner, the editor-in-chief of The Guardian, has written publicly about the historical connections of her newspaper to the trading families of Manchester which had ties to slavery. The 2024 symposium is a notable place to remind people that national institutions have to reckon with the origin of their foundation particularly when they are constructed in moral inconsistencies.
What is not rejoiced is also important in shaping collective memory about an event, besides what is being celebrated. The issue of slavery relation to the Manchester growth situation redefines the image of the city and creates the avenue of reform in education and civic discourse.
The Royal Exchange as an Imperial Trading Hub
A Node in a Global System
The Royal Exchange was not a local market in commodities alone; it was a point in a world wide imperial network. Routes across the Atlantic were made out of wholly Lancashire mills, and linked these to the American South plantations, the Caribbean ports and the far distant East Indies shipping routes. The economic relations which were established were based on unequal power relations and deep rooted racial orders.
Physically, the Exchange was an embodiment of Manchester’s desire to be an international force. But its trading powers were in a moral economy in which receiving revenues of colonial compulsion was not only permitted, but frequently lauded. Their further idealistic over-promotion in context-less terms would lead to the development of historical amnesia.
Contemporary Global Resonance
The case of Manchester moves beyond the national picture and is internationally connected with the discussion happening within other cities such as Liverpool, Glasgow and Bristol which face the financial ramifications of slavery. It is also an expression of broader world demands of reparative justice, transparency in institutions and historical education.
The above trends emphasize a common problem facing post-industrial societies of reconciling their history with their present identity. Manchester that was once the hub of the worldwide cotton trade is again at the hub of a campaign that seeks historical responsibility.
A Contemporary Lens on Institutional Response
Carola Huttmann, a historian specializing in Britain’s colonial economy, addressed the topic in a recent interview with a major European outlet:
She noted that acknowledging slavery’s role in Manchester’s industrial development is vital to understanding how past injustices have shaped present economic and social systems.”Huttmann emphasized the ongoing responsibility of heritage institutions to contextualize their origins, not simply through commemoration but through meaningful reform in how history is taught and represented.
This comment reflects a growing consensus that historical recognition must evolve into policy change and public engagement. Whether through museum exhibits, school curricula, or reparative cultural funding, institutions are being asked to operationalize their historical acknowledgments into transformative actions.
Reassessing Progress Through Justice and Memory
The revelations surrounding the Royal Exchange’s origins have come to symbolize more than a reassessment of one building. They reflect a broader re-evaluation of what constitutes civic achievement and industrial heritage. Manchester, like many cities shaped by imperialism, must now grapple with a past that enabled both monumental success and enduring harm.
The city’s next chapter will depend not only on what it remembers, but how it chooses to engage with memory. As debates on historical justice continue to evolve, the question remains whether cities like Manchester can redefine progress—one that accounts for dignity, inclusion, and truth—as central to their future identity.